A correlation was found between the appraisal of critical incidents and several sociodemographic and job-related factors related to age, education and whether or not the participant was on active duty. Depending on the method used to interpret the results of the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5, 3-5 firefighters obtained a provisional PTSD diagnosis. Study 2: the exposure to potentially traumatic events in the sample of firefighters was 100%. Study 1 proposes the ontological basis for an alternative trauma model, based on the concept of agency and on the fourfold image of the human being developed by Rudolf Steiner. Study 3 is a clinical case study, investigating the use of Rebirthing Breathwork for the treatment of a firefighter with PTSD. Study 2 is a survey, based on self-report questionnaires, that screened 61 firefighters from Santa Catarina for exposure to critical incidents and PTSD symptoms. Study 1 uses ontological and epistemological arguments to show that psychological trauma cannot be reduced to physiological processes alone and describes an alternative to physicalist reductionism based on agency and anthroposophy. This project seeks to critically analyze the growing tendency to reduce psychological trauma to physiological processes to test the hypothesis that psychological trauma is caused by the blocking of an innate capacity for self-regulation by using a third therapeutic modality that engages this capacity directly to explore the psychological mechanisms of the processing of traumatic memories and to prepare an alternative trauma model, based on agency. Two recent therapeutic modalities, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing and Somatic Experiencing, attribute trauma to the blocking or dysregulation of an innate capacity for self-regulation. More recently, trauma is increasingly being related solely to the dysregulation of (neuro)physiological processes. Historically, trauma theories have related psychological trauma either to biological or to intrapsychic factors. ![]() Despite major advances in the creation of diagnostic constructs for trauma-related disorders there exists, at present, no comprehensive theoretical model for psychological trauma.
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